The hidden curriculum in a hidden marketplace: relationships and values in Cambodia’s shadow education system     

Mark Bray  Magda Nutsa Kobakhidze  Wei Zhang  Junyan Liu 《课程研究杂志》2018,50(4):435-455

The concept of hidden curriculum has become well established. It addresses the contexts of learning, the actions of students’ peers and teachers, and other domains which shape learning but are not part of official syllabuses. The concept of a hidden marketplace for private tutoring, widely known as shadow education, is less established but also becoming part of general understanding of the complementarities of regular and supplementary instruction. This paper brings the two literatures together to examine the values transmitted, mostly unintentionally, by shadow education in Cambodia. Most of this shadow education is delivered by regular teachers, commonly to their existing students and in their existing schools. The paper considers the impact of shadow education not only on the students who do receive it but also on those who do not. Patterns in Cambodia differ from those in more prosperous countries, but have parallels with other low-income countries. The authors suggest that much more attention is needed to the dynamics and impact of shadow education, including relationships between actors and the values that shadow education transmits as part of the hidden curriculum.  相似文献   

The relationship of task self-efficacy and role efficacy beliefs to role performance in Spanish youth soccer     

Bray SR  Balaguer I  Duda JL 《Journal of sports sciences》2004,22(5):429-437

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between role efficacy and role performance after controlling for the effects of task self-efficacy. Two hundred and ninety-five Spanish youth soccer players from 20 teams completed self-report measures of task self-efficacy, role efficacy and role performance at the mid-point of a competitive season. The 20 team coaches also provided ratings of each of their players' role performances at mid-season. Consistent with hypotheses, bivariate correlations showed task self-efficacy and role efficacy were positively related to role performance ratings. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that role efficacy contributed significantly to the prediction of athletes' ratings of role performance after controlling for task self-efficacy. Role efficacy also explained significant variation in the prediction of coach ratings; however, the effects were less dramatic and inconsistent. Our results support self-efficacy theory and reinforce the value of assessing efficacy beliefs representing behaviours carried out both independently and interdependently for the prediction of role performance within team environments. Future research directions are proposed.  相似文献   

Role ambiguity and athlete satisfaction     

Eys MA  Carron AV  Bray SR  Beauchamp MR 《Journal of sports sciences》2003,21(5):391-401

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between athletes' perceptions of role ambiguity and satisfaction. The relationship between these multidimensional constructs was investigated at the beginning and at the end of the season, as well as from early season to end of season. Consistent with the a prioi hypothesis, concurrent analyses revealed lower perceived role ambiguity was associated with higher athlete satisfaction. Specifically, role ambiguity, as represented by the dimension Scope of Responsibilities on offence, was significantly related to the leadership facets of athlete satisfaction (i.e. ability utilization, strategy, and training/instruction) both at the beginning and at the end of the season. However, contrary to expectations, role ambiguity at the beginning of the season was not predictive of athlete satisfaction at the end of the season. The implications of the results are discussed and future research is suggested.  相似文献   

Isometric exercise and cognitive function: an investigation of acute dose–response effects during submaximal fatiguing contractions     

Denver M. Y. Brown  Steven R. Bray 《Journal of sports sciences》2015,33(5):487-497

The purpose of this study was to explore the dose–response relationship between exercise and cognitive performance using an acute bout of isometric exercise. University students (N = 55) were randomly assigned to control, 30%, 50% and 70% of maximum voluntary handgrip contraction groups. Participants performed a modified Stroop task before and after completion of an isometric handgrip endurance trial at their assigned exercise intensity. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and forearm muscle activation (EMG) showed linear trends of progressively greater RPE and muscle activation at greater exercise intensity levels. Regression analysis showed significant (P < .05) linear degradations in frequency of errors on the Stroop task with increasing exercise intensity. We conclude that performing isometric exercise until exhaustion is associated with reduced cognitive performance and that higher intensity isometric exercise leads to greater performance impairments in a linear dose–response manner.  相似文献   

Cross-border flows of students for higher education: Push–pull factors and motivations of mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau     

Mei Li  Mark Bray 《Higher Education》2007,53(6):791-818

Within the context of broad literature on cross-border flows for higher education, this article examines the distinctive case of mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau. These territories are a sort of bridge between the fully domestic and the fully international. Hong Kong and Macau higher education plays a dual role, as a destination in itself for higher education and as a stepping-stone for students’ further international development. Patterns in Hong Kong are slightly different from those in Macau, and the territories may thus be usefully compared with each other as well as taken as a pair for comparison with other parts of the world. The paper begins by noting the literature on the ways that push and pull factors influence student mobility, and then turns to motivations in pursuit of academic and professional growth, economic benefit, individual internationalisation, and enhanced social status. The paper shows that flows of mainland Chinese students are driven by both excess and differentiated demand. Analysis of the distinctive features of this pair of territories adds to wider conceptual understanding of the nature of cross-border flows for higher education.  相似文献   

The Usability of the Websites of Alabama’s Community Colleges     

Nathaniel Bray 《Community College Journal of Research & Practice》2018,42(10):744-747

This study explores the usability of community college websites. The value of a college’s website has been well established, as have accepted standards for basic website design. However, current usability standards are less clear and in various stages of acceptance. To consider this question, standards of usability were applied to all community college websites in Alabama. Websites were assessed for usability by use of a modified instrument that includes sample usability task scenarios provided by Cornell University’s Web Accessibility Toolkit and includes items from a similar exploration conducted on a national sample of colleges and universities (Meyer, 2008). The existence of specific website content tailored to prospective part-time students and the use of social media by the Alabama community colleges was also examined. Results show that most colleges meet minimum standards for usability.  相似文献   

On such a full sea and we still are not afloat: Introduction to statistical reform in school psychology     

Thomas J. Kehle  Melissa A. Bray 《Psychology in the schools》2007,44(5):415-415

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Supplemental Instruction Online: As Effective as the Traditional Face-to-Face Model?     

Suzanne E. Hizer  P. W. Schultz  Richard Bray 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2017,26(1):100-115

Supplemental Instruction (SI) is a well-recognized model of academic assistance with a history of empirical evidence demonstrating increases in student grades and decreases in failure rates across many higher education institutions. However, as college students become more accustomed to learning in online venues, what is not known is whether an SI program offered online could benefit students similarly to SI sessions that occur in face-to-face settings. The in-person (traditional) SI program at California State University San Marcos has demonstrated increases in grades and lower fail rates for courses being supported in science and math. Students enrolled in four biology courses who participated in online SI received increases in academic performance similar to the students in the courses who attended traditional SI. Both the online and traditional SI participating students had higher course grades and lower fail rates as compared to students who did not participate in either form of SI. Self-selection, as measured by past cumulative college grade point average, did not differ between students who attended either form of SI or who did not attend. Student perceptions of online SI were generally positive and appeared to offer an alternative path to receive this valuable academic assistance for some students. Overall, results are promising that the highly effective traditional model can be translated to an online environment.  相似文献   

Regional examinations councils and geopolitical change: commonality, diversity, and lessons from experience     

Mark Bray 《International Journal of Educational Development》1998,18(6):473-486

Formation of regional bodies which serve groups of countries is a way to achieve economies of scale, greater specialisation in professional expertise, and a stronger voice in international affairs. Many advocates have particularly recommended regional collaboration to states which are too small to operate strong national bodies. However, regional bodies suffer multiple tensions and do not always meet their goals with great success.This paper focuses on regional collaboration in examinations, and compares the experiences of three existing and two defunct bodies. The three existing bodies are the West African Examinations Council, the Caribbean Examinations Council, and the South Pacific Board for Educational Assessment. The two defunct bodies are the East African Examinations Council and the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland Schools Examination Council. Although these five bodies were designed to undertake similar functions, they operated in different geopolitical environments. Instructive lessons on the nature and impact of geopolitical forces can be learned from the experiences of each body and from comparison of all five.  相似文献   

Comparative research on shadow education: Achievements,challenges, and the agenda ahead   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wei Zhang  Mark Bray 《European Journal of Education》2020,55(3):322-341

This paper reviews research on private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, during the initial decades of the present century. It takes as its starting point the first global study of the phenomenon, published in 1999, though notes some scattered national and subnational literature prior to that date. During the initial two decades, great expansion of the research on shadow education brought more depth and stronger awareness of commonalities and differences in different cultures. From initial mapping and identification of factors shaping demand came work on ecosystems with deeper sociological and economic analyses, together with greater attention to research methods. The agenda ahead will need to keep up with changing times, e.g., through the impact of technology, and develop stronger interdisciplinarity to explore additional domains. It will also need continued attention to definitions and methods.  相似文献